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Action: Three Basic Principles

1

actions have hierarchical structures

changing the nappy is one action, but it has proper parts which are also actions.
The structure is even more complex that this suggests; consider an apparently simple action like movig the nappy ...

1

actions have hierarchical structures

2

actions are individuated by outcomes

one is distinguished from another. As when I ask, ’What is she doing?’
An outcome is a possible or actual state of affairs.

What has she done?

- She killed the king.

Outcome: the killing of the king.

Not all outcomes are actual.

What is she doing?

- Digging a 6ft hole.

Will she succeed?

- No.

Not all outcomes are end states;

nor need they be consequences of actions.

What did he do?

- He reached for his gun.

Actions are individuated by outcomes.

type vs token

Ayesha and Alfie are raising money by running 10k.

Ayesha is running 10k.

Alfie is running 10k.

One can fail while the other succeeds.

2

actions are individuated by outcomes

But what *are* bodily actions?

bodily configuration

joint displacement

outcome

3

one action can have multiple descriptions (the accordion effect)

Recall this example ...

What has she done?

- She killed the king.

Outcome: the killing of the king.

How?

- She put poison in his ear.

How?

- She poured it from a bottle.

One action, many possible and actual outcomes.

You can use any outcome to describe the action.

1

actions have hierarchical structures

2

actions are individuated by outcomes

3

one action can have multiple descriptions (the accordion effect)